Virginia History and Social Science Standards of Learning -- Grade 9

World History: 1000 A.D. to the Present

9.1 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the state of the world about 1000 A.D. by summarizing

• the institution of feudalism in Europe and the rise of towns and commerce;

• the location and leadership of major Western European kingdoms;

• the location and culture of the Byzantine and Muslim empires;
  • Early Medieval Painting
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/2e.asp
    
  • Late Medieval Painting in Italy
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/3a.asp
    
  • Islamic Art
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/10a.asp
    

• the location and culture of empires in India, China, Japan, sub-Saharan Africa, and Central America;
  • Kingdom of Ghana
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/7a.asp
    
  • Great Zimbabwe
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/7d.asp
    
  • Life on the Desert
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/7e.asp
    
  • Islamic Art
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/10a.asp
    
  • The Art of China
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/10d.asp
    
  • The Art of Japan
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/10e.asp
    

• the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe;

• the conflict between Christian and Muslim cultures.

9.2 The student will analyze the patterns of social, economic, and political change and cultural achievement in the late Medieval period, including

• the emergence of nation-states (Spain, France, England, Russia) and distinctive political developments in each;

• conflicts among Eurasian powers including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the expansion of the Ottoman Turks;

• patterns of crisis and recovery including the Black Death;
  • Painting of the Late Middle Ages
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/3.asp
    

• the preservation of Greek and Roman philosophy, medicine, and science.
  • Painting of the Late Middle Ages AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/3.asp
    
  • Renaissance Painting in Italy AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/4.asp
    
  • The Renaissance AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1.asp
    

9.3 The student will analyze the historical developments of the Renaissance, including

• economic foundations of the Renaissance, including European interaction with Muslims, increased trade, role of the Medicis, and new economic practices;
  • Why Italy?
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1a.asp
    
  • Europeans Explore
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2.asp
    
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    
  • Renaissance Painting in Italy
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/4.asp
    

• the rise of Italian city-states;
  • Why Italy?
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1a.asp
    

• artistic, literary, and intellectual creativity, including Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare, as contrasted with the Medieval period;
  • The Renaissance AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1.asp
    
  • Elizabethan England
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/4a.asp
    
  • Late Medieval Painting in Italy
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/3a.asp
    
  • Renaissance Painting in Italy AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/4.asp
    
  • Renaissance, Reason, and Order AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/leu11/2.asp
    

• Machiavelli's theory of government as described in The Prince;
  • The Renaissance of Letters
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1d.asp
    

• differences between the Italian and the Northern Renaissance.
  • The Renaissance AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1.asp
    
  • Renaissance Painting in Italy AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/4.asp
    
  • The Northern Renaissance AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/5.asp
    

9.4 The student will analyze the historical developments of the Reformation, including

• the effects of the theological, political, and economic differences that emerged during the Reformation, including the views and actions of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII and the divorce issue;
  • The Protestant Reformation AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/3.asp
    

• the influence of religious conflicts on government actions, including the Edict of Nantes in France;
  • The Protestant Reformation AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/3.asp
    
  • The Wars of Religion AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/4.asp
    

• the evolution of laws that reflect religious beliefs, cultural values, traditions, and philosophies, including the beginnings of religious toleration and the spread of democracy.
  • The Sun King Reigns in France AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/5.asp
    
  • Constitutional Democracy Stirs AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7.asp
    

9.5 The student will analyze the impact of European expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia (16th through 19th centuries), in terms of

• the roles of explorers/conquistadors;
  • Europeans Explore AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2.asp
    
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    
  • Central and South American Empires
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/11.asp
    
  • The Inca Empire: Children of the Sun
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/11c.asp
    
  • The Aztec World
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/11d.asp
    
  • Clash of Cultures: Two Worlds Collide
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/11e.asp
    

• migration, settlement patterns, and cultural diffusion;
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    
  • The Golden Age of the Dutch
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7f.asp
    
  • Britain in the New World AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/2.asp
    
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    

• the exchange of technology, ideas, and agricultural practices;
  • New Technologies
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2a.asp
    
  • A Revolution in Agriculture
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/8a.asp
    
  • The Scientific Revolution
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/9.asp
    
  • The Golden Age of the Dutch
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7f.asp
    
  • Industrialization and Industrial Society
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3.asp
    
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    

• the trade in slaves, tobacco, rum, furs, and gold;
  • The Golden Age of the Dutch
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7f.asp
    
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    
  • The Growth of the Tobacco Trade
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/2d.asp
    
  • African Americans in the British New World AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/6.asp
    

• the introduction of new diseases;
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    

• the influence of Christianity;
  • The Heart of Darkness
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4c.asp
    
  • Europeans Explore AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2.asp
    

• economic and cultural transformations (e.g., plants like tobacco and corn became available in new places, arrival of the horse in the Americas, etc.);
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    
  • The Scramble for Africa
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4b.asp
    

• competition for resources and the rise of mercantilism;
  • Why Italy?
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/1a.asp
    
  • A Path to India
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2b.asp
    
  • The Golden Age of the Dutch
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7f.asp
    

• the commercial and maritime growth of European nations, including the emergence of money and banking, global economies, and market systems;
  • The Golden Age of the Dutch
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7f.asp
    
  • Cromwell's Protectorate
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7c.asp
    
  • The Industrial Revolution: 18th century Britain
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3a.asp
    
  • Advances in Science and Industry
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3b.asp
    
  • The British Empire: Jewels in the Crown
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4a.asp
    
  • East Meets West: Opium Wars, Open Doors, and Boxers
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4d.asp
    

• social classes in the colonized areas.
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    
  • New World Conquest
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2d.asp
    
  • The Effects of Exploration
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2e.asp
    
  • Life in the Plantation South
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/5e.asp
    

9.6 The student will compare Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism, in terms of

• major leaders and events;
  • Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4i.asp
    
  • Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4g.asp
    
  • Birth of Christianity
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4h.asp
    
  • The Rise of Hinduism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8c.asp
    
  • The Birth and Spread of Buddhism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8d.asp
    

• sacred writings;
  • Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4g.asp
    
  • Birth of Christianity
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4h.asp
    
  • Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4i.asp
    
  • The Rise of Hinduism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8c.asp
    
  • The Birth and Spread of Buddhism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8d.asp
    

• traditions, customs, and beliefs;
  • Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4i.asp
    
  • Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4g.asp
    
  • Birth of Christianity
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4h.asp
    
  • The Rise of Hinduism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8c.asp
    
  • The Birth and Spread of Buddhism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8d.asp
    

• monotheistic versus polytheistic views;
  • Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4g.asp
    
  • Birth of Christianity
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4h.asp
    
  • The Rise of Hinduism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8c.asp
    

• geographic distribution at different times;
  • The Birth and Spread of Buddhism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/8d.asp
    
  • Hebrews and the Land of Milk and Honey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4g.asp
    
  • Birth of Christianity
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4h.asp
    
  • Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu81/4i.asp
    

• political, social, and economic influences of each;

• long-standing religious conflicts and recent manifestations (e.g., Ireland, Middle East conflict, Bosnia, etc.).
  • The Protestant Reformation AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/3.asp
    
  • The Wars of Religion AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/4.asp
    
  • Constitutional Democracy Stirs AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7.asp
    
  • Yugoslavia Breakup: Nationalism & Ethnic Cleansing
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/12c.asp
    

9.7 The student will analyze the scientific, political, and economic changes of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (Age of Absolutism, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason), in terms of

• the establishment of absolute monarchies by Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, and Peter the Great;
  • The Sun King Reigns in France AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/5.asp
    
  • Absolutism in the East AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/6.asp
    

• the Glorious Revolution in England and the French Revolution;
  • Constitutional Democracy Stirs AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7.asp
    
  • Revolution in France AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/11.asp
    
  • The Age of Napoleon AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/12.asp
    

• the ideas of significant people, including Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Jefferson;
  • The Age of Reason AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/10.asp
    

• how the political ideas of the Enlightenment and the ideas of religion affected the founders of the United States;
  • The Beginnings of Revolutionary Thinking AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/7.asp
    
  • Maryland - The Catholic Experiment
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/5a.asp
    
  • Quakers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/4b.asp
    
  • The Age of Atlantic Revolutions
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush81/1h.asp
    
  • Foundations of American Government AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/gov91/2.asp
    

• new scientific theories, including those of Newton, Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo, and others (e.g., Harvey, Franklin);
  • New Technologies
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2a.asp
    
  • The Scientific Revolution AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/9.asp
    
  • The Ideas of Benjamin Franklin
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush72/4d.asp
    

• how technological changes brought about social, political, and cultural changes in Europe, Asia, and the Americas;
  • New Technologies
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/2a.asp
    
  • The Scientific Revolution AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/9.asp
    
  • Industrialization and Industrial Society AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3.asp
    

• the flowering of the arts, philosophy, and literature (e.g., Voltaire, Diderot, Delacroix, Bach, and Mozart);
  • The Age of Reason AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/10.asp
    
  • The Age of Rococo: Art in 18th-Century Europe AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/7.asp
    

• the influence of religious beliefs on art, politics, science, and commerce.
  • Constitutional Democracy Stirs AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/7.asp
    
  • Hunting Witches
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/8d.asp
    
  • The Scientific Revolution AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur11/9.asp
    
  • Two Hundred Years of the Baroque AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/6.asp
    
  • The Age of Rococo: Art in 18th-Century Europe AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/art11/7.asp
    

9.8 The student will describe political developments in Europe in the 19th century, including

• the Congress of Vienna;
  • Conservatism and Liberalism After Napoleon AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/1.asp
    

• expansion of democracy in Europe, including the effects of urbanization, revolutions of 1848, and British reform laws;
  • Conservatism and Liberalism After Napoleon AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/1.asp
    

• unification of Germany and the role of Bismarck;
  • German Unification: The Age of Bismarck
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/2b.asp
    

• unification of Italy and the role of Garibaldi.
  • Italian Reunification
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/2a.asp
    

9.9 The student will analyze and explain the effects of the Industrial Revolution, in terms of

• the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism;
  • Industrialization and Industrial Society AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3.asp
    
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    

• how scientific and technological changes, including the inventions of Watt, Bessemer, and Whitney, brought about massive social and cultural change;
  • The Industrial Revolution: 18th century Britain
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3a.asp
    
  • Advances in Science and Industry
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3b.asp
    

• the emergence of capitalism and free enterprise as a dominant economic pattern;
  • Industrialization and Industrial Society
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3.asp
    

• responses to capitalism including utopianism, socialism, and communism;
  • Marxism and Socialism
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3d.asp
    
  • French Nationalism: Making Peasants into Citizens
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/2c.asp
    

• how the status of women and children reflected changes in society;
  • The Social Costs of Industrialization
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3c.asp
    
  • British Suffragettes: Fighting for the Right to Vote
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/5e.asp
    

• the evolution of work and labor, including the slave trade, mining and manufacturing, and the union movement;
  • The Social Costs of Industrialization
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/3c.asp
    

• applying economic reasoning and cost-benefit analysis to societal issues;

• the transformation of Asia and Africa by expanding European commercial power.
  • The New Imperialism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/4.asp
    

9.10 The student will analyze major historical events of the 20th century, in terms of

• causes and effects of World War I and World War II;
  • The War to End All Wars AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/6.asp
    
  • The Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/7.asp
    
  • World War II AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/8.asp
    
  • America in the First World War
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush11/10.asp
    
  • America in the Second World War
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/4.asp
    

• the Russian Revolution;
  • The Russian Revolution
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/6e.asp
    

• the rise, aggression, and human costs of totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan;
  • The Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/7.asp
    

• the political, social, and economic impact of worldwide depression in the 1930's;
  • The Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/7.asp
    
  • The Great Depression AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/1.asp
    
  • The New Deal AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/2.asp
    

• the Nazi Holocaust and other examples of genocide;
  • The Holocaust
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/8d.asp
    
  • Yugoslavia Breakup: Nationalism & Ethnic Cleansing
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/12c.asp
    
  • D-Day and the German Surrender
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/4c.asp
    

• new technologies, including atomic power, and their influence on the patterns of conflict;
  • A New Scientific Revolution
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/5c.asp
    
  • Life in the Trenches
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/6c.asp
    
  • Europe Divided AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/9.asp
    
  • The Manhattan Project
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/4f.asp
    
  • The Decision to Drop the Bomb
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/ush12/4g.asp
    

• economic and military power shifts since 1945, including the rise of Germany and Japan as economic powers;
  • Europe Divided AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/9.asp
    
  • The Reconstruction of Western Europe AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/10.asp
    

• revolutionary movements in Asia and their leaders, including Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh;
  • The End of Empire: Decolonization
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/10d.asp
    

• how African and Asian countries achieved independence from European colonial rule, including India under Gandhi and Kenya under Kenyatta and how they have fared under self-rule;
  • The End of Empire: Decolonization
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/10d.asp
    

• regional and political conflicts including Korea and Vietnam;
  • The Occupation of Berlin
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/9c.asp
    
  • The End of Empire: Decolonization
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/10d.asp
    
  • Political Resistance in Eastern Europe
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/11c.asp
    

• the beginning and end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
  • The Reconstruction of Western Europe AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/10.asp
    
  • European Society During the Cold War AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/11.asp
    
  • Europe Reunited AND ALL FOCUS TOPICS
    http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/12.asp
    

9.11 The student will demonstrate skills in historical research and geographical analysis by

• identifying, analyzing, and interpreting primary and secondary sources and artifacts;

  All Beyondbooks content and links can be used to meet this requirement.
  

• validating sources as to their authenticity, authority, credibility, and possible bias;

• comparing trends in global population distribution since the 10th century;

• constructing various time lines of key events, periods, and personalities since the 10th century;

  All Beyondbooks content and links can be used to meet this requirement.
  

• identifying and analyzing major shifts in national political boundaries in Europe since 1815;

  All Beyondbooks content and links can be used to meet this requirement.
  

• identifying the distribution of major religious cultures in the contemporary world.